What is a distributed temperature sensor?

These distributed sensors offer improved spatial resolution (e.g. a 2.6 mm resolution sensor was used by Yu et al. ) to facilitate the distributed measurement of temperature over the surface or within a larger format cell.

Can ceramic K-type thermocouple sensors measure internal cell temperature?

For the work reported here we have chosen to use bespoke ceramic K-type thermocouple sensors for measuring internal cell temperature conditions. Thermocouples are simple and robust sensors which can be contained within protective tubing and can be deployed into a range of harsh cell environments.

How do sensors detect thermal runaway?

Placement of sensor inside pouch, demonstrating inhomogeneous heat distribution across cell active area. Insertion of sensors inside pouch, prismatic and cylindrical cells demonstrating internal temperature detection of thermal runaway.

Can sensors be used to measure cell performance under extreme use cases?

Further research is required to assess the suitability of the sensors and cell engineering techniques when quantifying cell performance under extreme use cases, such as overcharge, undercharge, higher ambient temperatures or mechanical excitation.

Is there a relationship between internal temperature and battery SoC?

Initial results, highlighted a possible dependency between the rise in internal temperature and battery SOC. Further research is required to fully understand this causality across the entire SOC region taking into account changes in the electrochemical performance of the battery at different SOC states.

How is internal temperature monitoring achieved in operando?

In this research, internal temperature monitoring in operando was achieved by embedding temperature sensors within the interior of three cells, where damage to the cell structure was minimised during sensor insertion and sealing.